Background/Aim. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal biomolecules in the immune system.
Today, we are all aware of the importance of TLRs in bridging innate and adaptive immune …

Infections are one of the major selective pressures acting on humans, and host-pathogen
interactions contribute to shaping the genetic diversity of both organisms. Evolutionary …

Humans, and many other species, are host to diverse symbionts. It is often suggested that
the mutual benefits of host-microbe relationships can alone explain cooperative evolution …

Adaptation to a wide range of pathogenic environments is a major aspect of the ecological
adaptations of vertebrates during evolution. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are ancient …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most widespread class of membrane-bound innate
immune receptors, responsible of specific pathogen recognition and production of immune …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensor molecules in vertebrates triggering initial phases of
immune responses to pathogens. The avian TLR family typically consists of ten receptors …

The evolutionary history of a gene helps predict its function and relationship to phenotypic
traits. Although sequence conservation is commonly used to decipher gene function and …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of conserved pattern-recognition molecules
responsible for initiating innate and acquired immune responses. Because they play a key …

The genome sequence of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, a large and
long-lived invertebrate, provides a new perspective on animal immunity. Analysis of this …

Invertebrate animals are characterized by extraordinary diversity in terms of body plan, life
history and life span. The past impression that invertebrate immune responses are …