Stress proteins (SPs) including heat-shock proteins (HSPs), RNA chaperones, and ER
associated stress proteins are molecular chaperones essential for cellular homeostasis. The …

RNA viruses face dynamic environments and are masters at adaptation. During their
short'lifespans', they must surmount multiple physical, anatomical and immunological …

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are constitutively expressed under physiological conditions in
most organisms but their expression can significantly enhance in response to four types of …

Hepadnaviruses, including human hepatitis B virus (HBV), replicate through reverse
transcription of an RNA intermediate, the pregenomic RNA (pgRNA). Despite this kinship to …

Abstract Background Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is one of the most important cytokine secreted by
activated microglia as it orchestrates the vicious cycle of inflammation by inducing the …

Two key features of RNA viruses are their compacted genomes and their high mutation rate.
Accordingly, deleterious mutations are common and have an enormous impact on viral …

Cytoplasmic presence of Hsp60, which is principally a nuclear gene-encoded mitochondrial
chaperonin, has frequently been stated, but its role in intracellular signaling is largely …

The COVID-19 pandemic made imperative the search for means to end it, which requires a
knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning the multiplication and spread of its cause, the …

Worldwide, an estimated 296 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)
infection, with a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Current therapy with pegylated …

Cyclin D1 is frequently overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) exhibiting
increased malignant phenotypes. It has also been known that the hepatitis Bx (HBx) protein …