Extreme space weather events, while rare, can have a substantial impact on our
technologically-dependent society. And, although such events have only occasionally been …

The physical processes affecting the dynamics of the Earth's particle radiation environment
are reviewed along with scientific and engineering models developed for its description. The …

The search for life in the Universe is a fundamental problem of astrobiology and modern
science. The current progress in the detection of terrestrial-type exoplanets has opened a …

This paper describes the recommended solar forcing dataset for CMIP6 and highlights
changes with respect to CMIP5. The solar forcing is provided for radiative properties, namely …

We have compared composition changes of NO, NO 2, H 2 O 2, O 3, N 2 O, HNO 3, N 2 O 5,
HNO 4, ClO, HOCl, and ClONO 2 as observed by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive …

Energetic particle precipitation (EPP) and ion chemistry affect the neutral composition of the
polar middle atmosphere. For example, production of odd nitrogen and odd hydrogen during …

Solar eruptions sometimes produce protons, which impact the Earth's atmosphere. These
solar proton events (SPEs) generally last a few days and produce high energy particles that …

Abstract The EISCAT (European Incoherent SCATer) Scientific Association has provided
versatile incoherent scatter (IS) radar facilities on the mainland of northern Scandinavia (the …

Energetic particle precipitation into the upper atmosphere creates excess amounts of odd
nitrogen and odd hydrogen. These destroy mesospheric and upper stratospheric ozone in …

The influence of solar variability on the polar atmosphere and climate due to energetic
electron precipitation (EEP) has remained an open question largely due to lack of a long …