The WNT–β-catenin system is an evolutionary conserved signalling pathway that is of
particular importance for morphogenesis and cell organization during embryogenesis. The …

The key players of the chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) are
calcium, phosphate, PTH, FGF23, and the vitamin D hormonal system. The progressive …

Controlling the excessive fracture burden in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Stages G4–G5D remains an impressive challenge. The reasons are 2-fold. First, the …

The kidneys play a pivotal role in the regulation of electrolyte and acid-base balance. With
progressive loss of kidney function, derangements in electrolytes and acid-base inevitably …

Mineral and bone disease is omnipresent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and
leads to a diverse range of clinical manifestations, including bone pain and fractures. The …

In the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD), alterations in the bone-vascular axis
augment the risk of bone loss, fractures, vascular and soft tissue calcification, left ventricular …

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)–Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) is a complex
disease that is not completely understood. However, some factors secreted by the …

Osteocytes within the mineralized bone matrix control bone remodeling by regulating
osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Osteocytes express the aging suppressor Klotho, but the …

Osteocytes, which represent up to 95% of adult skeletal cells, are deeply embedded in bone.
These cells exhibit important interactive abilities with other bone cells such as osteoblasts …

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased fracture risk because of
impaired bone quality and quantity. Low bone mineral density predicts fracture risk in all …