Infectious diseases are emerging globally at an unprecedented rate while global food
demand is projected to increase sharply by 2100. Here, we synthesize the pathways by …

Tropical forests make an approximately neutral contribution to the global carbon cycle, with
intact and recovering forests taking in as much carbon as is released through deforestation …

A comprehensive quantification of global forest fragmentation is urgently required to guide
forest protection, restoration and reforestation policies. Previous efforts focused on the static …

Live woody vegetation is the largest reservoir of biomass carbon, with its restoration
considered one of the most effective natural climate solutions. However, terrestrial carbon …

Executive summary Land and climate interact in complex ways through changes in forcing
and multiple biophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks across different spatial and …

Executive Summary The Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use1 (AFOLU) sector
encompasses managed ecosystems and offers significant mitigation opportunities while …

Forests provide a series of ecosystem services that are crucial to our society. In the
European Union (EU), forests account for approximately 38% of the total land surface. These …

The carbon balance of tropical ecosystems remains uncertain, with top-down atmospheric
studies suggesting an overall sink and bottom-up ecological approaches indicating a …

Remote sensing enables the quantification of tropical deforestation with high spatial
resolution,. This in-depth mapping has led to substantial advances in the analysis of …

Tipping elements are components of the Earth system that may shift abruptly and irreversibly
from one state to another at specific thresholds. It is not well understood to what degree …