α-lipoic acid (ALA, thioctic acid) is an organosulfur component produced from plants,
animals, and humans. It has various properties, among them great antioxidant potential and …

Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), mainly present in immune cells, epithelial cells, and brain
cells, manifests as an intracellular non-receptor enzyme that modulates inflammation and …

Abstract Introduction Treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are needed due to the
growing number of individuals with preclinical, prodromal, and dementia forms of AD. Drug …

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD), as the fourth leading cause of death among the elderly
worldwide, has brought enormous challenge to the society. Due to its extremely complex …

Abstract Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease of aging,
affects one in eight older Americans. Nearly all drug treatments tested for AD today have …

Since the early 1980s, phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) has been an attractive target for the
treatment of inflammation-based diseases. Several scientific advancements, by both …

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play an important role in regulating target gene expression.
They have been highlighted as a novel category of anticancer targets, and their inhibition …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by decreased
synaptic transmission and cerebral atrophy with appearance of amyloid plaques and …

The continued drug discovery failures in complex neurodegenerative diseases, including
Alzheimer's disease (AD), has raised questions about the classical paradigm “one‐drug …

Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of
the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an …