The fifth cranial nerve is the common denominator for many headaches and facial pain
pathologies currently known. Projecting from the trigeminal ganglion, in a bipolar manner, it …

The reconstruction of an orbit after complex craniofacial fractures can be extremely
demanding. For satisfactory functional and aesthetic results, it is necessary to restore the …

Patients presenting with visual disturbances often require a neuroimaging approach. The
spectrum of visual disturbances includes three main categories: vision impairment, ocular …

Objectives: Recognize the clinical features of a patient with orbital apex syndrome. Identify
the risk factors and various etiologies of orbital apex syndrome. Direct the management of …

Cranial nerve foramina are integral exits from the confines of the skull. Despite their
significance in cranial nerve pathologies, there has been no comprehensive anatomical …

We describe the anatomy of the calvaria (skull vault) and the skull base, which jointly form
the neurocranium–the part of the skull that encases and protects the brain. We exclude the …

Objectives Traumatic orbital apex syndrome (TOAS) is an uncommon but severe ocular
complication of craniomaxillofacial fracture. The optimal surgical strategy for TOAS has not …

This study aimed to ascertain the maximal exposure of the superior orbital fissure (SOF)
afforded by combining endonasal and transorbital endoscopic approaches. Six cadaveric …

Purpose The superior orbital fissure contains cranial nerves III, IV, VI, and V1 with their three
branches: frontal, lacrimal, and nasociliary. Superior orbital fissure syndrome (SOFS) is rare …

Orbital floor fractures are common injuries seen in the emergency department (ED). In this
study, the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB, 2016–2017) was used to identify patients …