Abstract The Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) project is an international effort to
produce a comprehensive global atmospheric circulation dataset spanning the twentieth …

This paper reviews methods to evaluate the performance of air quality models, which are
tools that predict the fate of gases and aerosols upon their release into the atmosphere …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Higher evaporative demands and more frequent and persistent dry spells associated with
rising temperatures suggest that drought conditions could worsen in many regions of the …

By coordinating the design and distribution of global climate model simulations of the past,
current, and future climate, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has become …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

The new Max‐Planck‐Institute Earth System Model (MPI‐ESM) is used in the Coupled
Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) in a series of climate change experiments …

We present a new framework for global ocean–sea-ice model simulations based on phase 2
of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP-2), making use of the surface dataset …

We describe here the development and evaluation of an Earth system model suitable for
centennial-scale climate prediction. The principal new components added to the physical …

As the atmosphere warms, part of the cloud population shifts from ice and mixed-phase
('cold') to liquid ('warm') clouds. Because warm clouds are more reflective and longer-lived …