Many different gas discharges and plasmas exhibit bistable states under a given set of
conditions, and the history-dependent hysteresis that is manifested by intensive quantities of …

An overview of the physics of intrinsic torque is presented, with special emphasis on the
phenomenology of intrinsic toroidal rotation in tokamaks, its theoretical understanding, and …

Parametric scalings of the intrinsic (spontaneous, with no external momentum input) toroidal
rotation observed on a large number of tokamaks have been combined with an eye towards …

Recent results in the theory of turbulent momentum transport and the origins of intrinsic
rotation are summarized. Special attention is focused on aspects of momentum transport …

A novel mechanism for the generation and amplification of intrinsic rotation at the low-mode
to high-mode transition is presented. The mechanism is one where the net parallel flow is …

Toroidal momentum transport mechanisms are reviewed and put in a broader perspective.
The generation of a finite momentum flux is closely related to the breaking of symmetry …

The turbulent convective flux of the toroidal angular momentum density is derived using the
nonlinear toroidal gyrokinetic equation which conserves phase space density and energy …

The object of this review is to summarize the achievements of research on the Alcator C-Mod
tokamak [Hutchinson et al., Phys. Plasmas 1, 1511 (1994) and Marmar, Fusion Sci. Technol …

In tokamaks, turbulent particle and toroidal momentum transport are both characterized by
the presence of off-diagonal contributions which play an essential role in establishing the …

Observations in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak show a correlation between the gradient of
the intrinsic toroidal rotation profile and the logarithmic gradient of the electron density …