This paper presents a comprehensive review of ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC)
actuators. Recently, strong emphasis has been put on investigating various ionic polymer …

The use of fibre reinforced composite materials for biomedical purposes is reviewed. The
development of polymer composite materials has, in recent years, led to technological …

Recently, researchers have concentrated on studying ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC)
artificial muscle, which has numerous advantages including a relatively large strain under …

This paper discusses the design, fabrication, and characterization of an ionic polymer–metal
composite (IPMC) actuator-based bio-inspired active fin capable of bending and twisting …

Ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMC) are smart material transducers that bend in
response to low-voltage stimuli and generate voltage in response to bending. IPMCs are …

Smart polymeric and gel actuators change shape or size in response to stimuli like
electricity, heat, or light. These smart polymeric-and gel-based actuators are compliant and …

This paper presents a new manufacturing and control paradigm for developing soft ionic
polymer-metal composite (IPMC) actuators for soft robotics applications. First, an additive …

In recent decades, driving assistance systems have been evolving towards personalization
for adapting to different drivers. With the consideration of driving preferences and driver …

Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) actuators have many advantages, for instance, they:
1) can be driven with low voltages (<; 5 V); 2) are soft, flexible, and easily shaped; and 3) …

Smart systems adapt to the surrounding environments in a number of ways. They are
capable to scavenge energy from available sources, sense and elaborate external stimuli …