If you have ever tilted your head to perceive a rotated image, or programmed a smartphone
to remind you of an upcoming appointment, you have engaged in cognitive offloading: the …

Working memory refers to a mental workspace, involved in controlling, regulating, and
actively maintaining relevant information to accomplish complex cognitive tasks (eg …

This article describes the ICAP framework that defines cognitive engagement activities on
the basis of students' overt behaviors and proposes that engagement behaviors can be …

ICAP is a theory of active learning that differentiates students' engagement based on their
behaviors. ICAP postulates that Interactive engagement, demonstrated by co‐generative …

Even at young ages, children self-report experiencing math anxiety, which negatively relates
to their math achievement. Leveraging a large dataset of first and second grade students' …

Gestures are often taken as evidence that the body is involved in thinking and speaking
about the ideas expressed in those gestures. In this article, we present evidence drawn from …

Gestures and speech interact. They are linked in language production and perception, with
their interaction contributing to felicitous communication. The multifaceted nature of these …

A comprehensive overview of an interdisciplinary approach to robotics that takes direct
inspiration from the developmental and learning phenomena observed in children's …

Active, constructive, and interactive are terms that are commonly used in the cognitive and
learning sciences. They describe activities that can be undertaken by learners. However, the …

Many nonverbal behaviors—smiling, blushing, shrugging—reveal our emotions. One
nonverbal behavior, gesturing, exposes our thoughts. This book explores how we move our …