The vitamin D endocrine system is essential for calcium and bone homeostasis. The precise
mode of action and the full spectrum of activities of the vitamin D hormone, 1, 25 …

Introduction Inflammation is believed to be a contributing factor to many chronic diseases.
The influence of vitamin D deficiency on inflammation is being explored but studies have not …

The role of vitamin D in innate immunity is increasingly recognized. Recent work has
identified a number of tissues that express the enzyme 1α-hydroxylase and are able to …

Six cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms have been shown to hydroxylate vitamin D. Four of
these, CYP27A1, CYP2R1, CYP3A4 and CYP2J3, are candidates for the enzyme vitamin D …

An essential element of the innate immune response to injury is the capacity to recognize
microbial invasion and stimulate production of antimicrobial peptides. We investigated how …

The discoveries that activated macrophages produce 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α, 25-
(OH) 2D3), and that immune system cells express the vitamin D receptor (VDR), suggested …

▪ Abstract Vitamin D is a secosteroid that is metabolically activated and degraded through
the actions of three cytochrome P450 hydroxylase enzymes. Bioactivation occurs through …

Clinical and molecular genetic data from the last decade have provided unequivocal
evidence for the obligatory role of the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) in mediating the …

Our understanding of vitamin D metabolism and biological effects has grown exponentially
in recent years and it has become clear that vitamin D has extensive immunomodulatory …

SUMMARY Receptors for 1, 25 (OH) 2vitaminD3 are found in most immune cells and
important immunological effects have been described in vitro, reflected by its capacity to …