Feelings of hunger and satiety are the key determinants for maintaining the life of humans
and animals. Disturbed appetite control may disrupt the metabolic health of the host and …

Background Over the past 20 years, insights from human and mouse genetics have
illuminated the central role of the brain leptin-melanocortin pathway in the control of …

Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analog, induces weight loss, lowers
glucose levels, and reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes. Mechanistic …

The gut is now recognized as a major regulator of motivational and emotional states.
However, the relevant gut-brain neuronal circuitry remains unknown. We show that optical …

Under homeostatic conditions, animals use well-defined hypothalamic neural circuits to help
maintain stable body weight, by integrating metabolic and hormonal signals from the …

Pleasure is mediated by well-developed mesocorticolimbic circuitry and serves adaptive
functions. In affective disorders, anhedonia (lack of pleasure) or dysphoria (negative affect) …

Obesity is a major health crisis affecting over a third of the global population. This
multifactorial disease is regulated via interoceptive neural circuits in the brain, whose …

MIC-1/GDF15 is a stress response cytokine and a distant member of the transforming growth
factor beta (TGFb) superfamily, with no close relatives. It acts via a recently identified …

The role of serotonin in food intake has been studied for decades. Food intake is mainly
regulated by two brain circuitries:(i) the homeostatic circuitry, which matches energy intake …

The parabrachial nucleus (PBN), which is located in the pons and is dissected by one of the
major cerebellar output tracks, is known to relay sensory information (visceral malaise, taste …