The average lifespan of circulating erythrocytes usually exceeds hundred days. Prior to that,
however, erythrocytes may be exposed to oxidative stress in the circulation which could …

The complex functions of the liver in biosynthesis, metabolism, clearance, and host defense
are tightly dependent on an adequate microcirculation. To guarantee hepatic homeostasis …

Excess copper is poisonous to all forms of life, and copper overloading is responsible for
several human pathologic processes. The primary mechanisms of toxicity are unknown. In …

Toxicological studies have shown increased toxicity of nanoparticles (< 100nm) compared to
micrometer particles of the same composition, which has raised concern about the impact on …

Biological copper is coordinated predominantly by just three ligand types: the side chains of
histidine, cysteine, and methionine, with of course some exceptions. The arrangement of …

When looking for a book on fish toxicology, you might find one that discusses the
biochemical and molecular aspects, or one that focuses aquatic toxicology in general. You …

Carbon dots (CDs), as an effective bioimaging agent, have aroused widespread interest.
With the increasing number of CDs used in photodynamic therapy (PDT), developing …

Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death is a highly regulated and crucial process
found in all multicellular organisms. It is not only implicated in regulatory mechanisms of …

Because copper catalyzes the conversion of H2O2 to hydroxyl radicals in vitro, it has been
proposed that oxidative DNA damage may be an important component of copper toxicity …

Wilson disease is caused by accumulation of Cu2+ in cells, which results in liver cirrhosis
and, occasionally, anemia. Here, we show that Cu2+ triggers hepatocyte apoptosis through …