The geomagnetic Kp index is one of the most extensively used indices of geomagnetic
activity, both for scientific and operational purposes. This article reviews the properties of the …

The magnetospheric physics research community uses a broad array of quantitative data-
model comparison methods (metrics) when conducting their research investigations. It is …

The geomagnetic activity index Kp is widely used but is restricted by low time resolution (3‐
hourly) and an upper limit. To address this, new geomagnetic activity indices, Hpo, are …

Accurate forecasts of thermosphere densities, realistic calculation of aerodynamic drag, and
propagation of the uncertainty on the predicted orbit positions are required for conjunction …

The radiation belts of the Earth, filled with energetic electrons, comprise complex and
dynamic systems that pose a significant threat to satellite operation. While various models of …

Geomagnetic indices quantify the disturbance caused by the solar activity on a planetary
scale or in particular regions of the Earth. Among them, the SYM‐H and ASY‐H indices …

Geomagnetic activity is often described using summary indices to summarize the likelihood
of space weather impacts, as well as when parameterizing space weather models. The …

Abstract Space weather represents a severe threat to ground‐based infrastructure, satellites
and communications. Accurately forecasting when such threats are likely (eg, when we may …

The Kp index is a measure of the midlatitude global geomagnetic activity and represents
short‐term magnetic variations driven by solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic …

As a common boundary layer that distinctly separates the regions of high‐density
plasmasphere and low‐density plasmatrough, the plasmapause is essential to comprehend …