Lang, Florian, Gillian L. Busch, Markus Ritter, Harald Völkl, Siegfried Waldegger, Erich
Gulbins, and Dieter Häussinger. Functional Significance of Cell Volume Regulatory …

The cellular hydration state is dynamic and changes within minutes under the influence of
aniso-osmolarity, hormones, nutrients and oxidative stress. This occurs despite the activity of …

Mechanisms involved in hepatic encephalopathy still remain to be defined. Nonetheless, it is
well recognized that ammonia is a major factor in its pathogenesis, and that the astrocyte …

Glutamine synthetase (GS) in brain is located mainly in astrocytes. One of the primary roles
of astrocytes is to protect neurons against excitotoxicity by taking up excess ammonia and …

Astrocytes assume multiple roles in maintaining an optimally suited milieu for neuronal
function. Select astrocytic functions include the maintenance of redox potential, the …

Elevated levels of ammonia in blood and brain result in derangement of cerebral function.
Recently, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress have been implicated in ammonia …

Many theories have been advanced to explain the encephalopathy associated with chronic
liver disease and with the less common acute form. A major factor contributing to hepatic …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a reversible syndrome of impaired brain function occurring
in patients with advanced liver diseases. The precise pathophysiology of HE is still under …

Ammonia is a major neurotoxin implicated in hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Here we discuss
evidence that many aspects of ammonia toxicity in HE-affected brain are mediated by …

This review addresses recent and not so recent works that emphasize on the mechanisms
by which liver damage can induce encephalopathy. Hepatic encephalopathy constitutes an …