Bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue worldwide, with over four million
operations using bone grafts or bone substitute materials annually to treat bone defects …

Bone biomaterials play a vital role in bone repair by providing the necessary substrate for
cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation and by modulating cell activity and function. In …

Repair of bone defects is a time-consuming, self-healing process based on tissue modeling
and remodeling. However, the capacity of this method is limited, especially for critical-sized …

With advances in bone tissue regeneration and engineering technology, various
biomaterials as artificial bone substitutes have been widely developed and innovated for the …

A three‐phase [nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA), carbon nanotubes (CNT), mixed in a
polymeric matrix of polycaprolactone (PCL)] composite scaffold produced by 3D printing is …

The process of bone tissue repair and regeneration is complex and requires a variety of
physiological signals, including biochemical, electrical and mechanical signals, which …

As the main load-bearing structure in the human body, bone and cartilage are susceptible to
damage in sports and other activities. The repair and regeneration of bone and articular …

Understanding the bioelectrical properties of bone tissue is key to developing new treatment
strategies for bone diseases and injuries, as well as improving the design and fabrication of …

Critical bone defects are considered one of the major clinical challenges in reconstructive
bone surgery. The combination of 3D printed conductive scaffolds and exogenous electrical …

The extracellular environment which supports cell life is composed of a hierarchy of
maintenance, force and regulatory systems which integrate from the nano-through to …