The COVID-19 pandemic developed the severest public health event in recent history. The
first stage for defence has already been documented. This paper moves forward to …

Vaccine procurement costs comprise a significant share of immunization program costs in
low-and middle-income countries, yet not all procured vaccines are administered. Vaccine …

Background Effective vaccine management is essential to maintain the quality of vaccines,
minimise wastages, and prevent missed opportunities for vaccination at service delivery …

Background The measles vaccine is crucial in preventing fatalities and reducing widespread
childhood infections worldwide, yet achieving the desired immunization rates remains a …

COVID-19 is a deadly infectious disease caused by the recently discovered coronavirus. It is
a severe acute respiratory syndrome which is spreading at an enormous rate that needs …

Background: High vaccine wastage results in escalation of budget of immunization program.
Objective: To analyze vaccine wastage at three levels of service delivery under public …

Background Pakistan has been experiencing several immunization related challenges. The
supply chain management information system (MIS) is considered an important component …

The authors examine, in great detail, issues related to vaccine development, production, and
distribution in India. They discuss the problems related to logistics for reaching vaccines to …

Background Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination is recommended at birth or in the
first week of life to achieve the most beneficial effects in protecting against the most severe …

Calculating vaccine wastage rates supports vaccine forecasting and prevents stock
outs/over-stock at central and immunisation delivery facilities. Ensuring there are sufficient …