The risk and severity of specific infections are increased during pregnancy due to a
combination of physiological and immunological changes. Characterizing the maternal …

During pregnancy, various immune effectors and molecules participating in the immune-
microenvironment establish specific maternal tolerance toward the semi-allogeneic fetus …

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has increased awareness about sex-specific differences
in immunity and outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strong evidence of a male bias …

Severe outcomes and death from the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appear to
be characterized by an exaggerated immune response with hypercytokinemia leading to …

Males and females differ in their immunological responses to foreign and self-antigens and
show distinctions in innate and adaptive immune responses. Certain immunological sex …

Its semi-allogeneic nature renders the conceptus vulnerable to attack by the maternal
immune system. Several protective mechanisms operate during gestation to correct the …

There is a growing awareness of the importance of sex and gender in medicine and
research. Women typically have stronger immune responses to self and foreign antigens …

Autoimmune diseases are a range of diseases in which the immune response to self-
antigens results in damage or dysfunction of tissues. Autoimmune diseases can be systemic …

During pregnancy, several tightly coordinated and regulated processes take place to enable
proper fetal development and gestational success. The formation and development of the …

Males and females differ in both parasite load and the strength of immune responses and
these effects have been verified in humans and other vertebrates. Sex hormones act as …