Intense ultrashort light pulses comprising merely a few wave cycles became routinely
available by the turn of the millennium. The technologies underlying their production and …

The rise time of intense radiation determines the maximum field strength atoms can be
exposed to before their polarizability dramatically drops due to the detachment of an outer …

A spin valve is a layered structure of magnetic and non-magnetic (spacer) materials whose
electrical resistance depends on the spin state of electrons passing through the device and …

The amplitude and frequency of laser light can be routinely measured and controlled on a
femtosecond (10-15 s) timescale. However, in pulses comprising just a few wave cycles, the …

In Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom, the electron takes about 150 attoseconds (1 as= 10-
18 s) to orbit around the proton, defining the characteristic timescale for dynamics in the …

The shortest pulses periodically emitted directly from a mode-locked Ti: sapphire laser are
approaching the two-optical-cycle range. In this region, the phase of the optical carrier with …

Abstract The word'attosecond'(1 as= 10− 18 s) officially entered the vocabulary of physics
when sub-femtosecond pulses of UV/XUV light produced either by nonlinear frequency …

With the discovery of above-threshold ionization (ATI) by Agostini et al.(1979) intense-laser
atom physics entered the nonperturbative regime. These experiments recorded the …

The theoretical description and the experimental methods and results for above-threshold
ionization (ATI) by few-cycle pulses are reviewed. A pulse is referred to as a few-cycle pulse …

Currently, the shortest laser pulses that can be generated in the visible spectrum consist of
fewer than two optical cycles (measured at the full-width at half-maximum of the pulse's …