Dairy cattle are susceptible to increased incidence and severity of both metabolic and
infectious diseases during the periparturient period. A major contributing factor to increased …

Abstract The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of microbe-sensing receptors that play a
central role in the regulation of the host immune system. TLR4 has been described in the …

Sepsis, the systemic inflammatory response to infection, represents the major cause of death
in critically ill veterinary patients. Whereas important advances in our understanding of the …

Bovine mammary epithelial cells contribute to the innate immune response to intramammary
infections by recognizing pathogens through specialized pattern recognition receptors. Toll …

Mastitis, an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland generally caused by intramammary
infections, is the most frequently occurring disease in the North American dairy industry …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most famous pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs); they
monitor pathogen-associated molecular patterns and play a critical role in activation of the …

Commensal microflora play many roles within the mammalian gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that
benefit host physiology by way of direct or indirect interactions with mucosal surfaces …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved innate immune receptors that
recognize pathogen specific molecular pattern (PAMPs) in an efficient, non-self-reactive …

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes pathogen ligands and mediates signaling to initiate
innate and adaptive immune responses. In this experiment, a 316 bp and 382 bp fragments …

Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are the most important pathogenic bacteria
causing bovine clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis, respectively. However, little is …