The reconstitution of lost bone is a subject that is germane to many orthopedic conditions
including fractures and non-unions, infection, inflammatory arthritis, osteoporosis …

As direct effector cells for osteogenesis, osteoblastic cells are commonly used for evaluating
the in vitro osteogenic capacity of bone biomaterials, and the traditional biological principle …

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease with a proinflammatory microenvironment,
causing poor vascularization and bone regeneration. Due to the lack of effective therapy and …

Bone is a tissue undergoing continuous building and degradation. This remodelling is a
tightly regulated process that can be disturbed by many factors, particularly hormonal …

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) plays an essential role in the regulation of bone
homeostasis in several chronic immune and inflammatory joint diseases, where inhibition of …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent stem cells with multidirectional
differentiation potential and strong immunomodulatory capacity. MSCs have been widely …

Periodontal diseases (PD) are chronic infectious inflammatory diseases characterized by the
destruction of tooth-supporting structures, being the presence of periodontopathogens …

Bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts are tightly coupled
processes implicating factors in TNF, bone morphogenetic protein, and Wnt families. In …

The regulatory role of the immune system in maintaining bone homeostasis and restoring its
functionality, when disturbed due to trauma or injury, has become evident in recent years …

Stem cell research has been a popular topic in the past few decades. This review aims to
discuss factors that help regulate, induce, and enhance mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) …