Abstract The European hare Lepus europaeus is an iconic but rapidly declining farmland
specialist with recently confirmed populations in urban areas. However, their behavioral …

Coexistence between humans and wildlife is necessary for many conservation goals but is
difficult to achieve in landscapes with increasing human populations and species that are …

Adjustments in flight initiation distance (FID) indicate how birds adapt to external
environmental changes, including semi-natural ecosystems such as airports with regular …

The nearest-neighbour distance is an important property of a group, as individuals can
obtain environmental information more quickly and easily from nearby individuals. We …

Organisms facing anthropogenic activities usually exhibit phenotypic responses assumed to
enhance coping with disturbance. These responses include a decreasing degree of reaction …

Escape represents an important component of animals' antipredator behaviour entailing
both benefits and costs dependent on a moment an animal flees upon predator's approach …

Flight initiation is an important antipredatory strategy in red-wattled lapwing (Vanellus
indicus). In the present study, we examined the escape behaviour in red-wattled lapwings in …

The study of the animal mind is made both fascinating and frustrating in equal measure by
the inherent elusiveness of the cognitive processes occurring within it. Animal cognition can …

Animals use behavior such as vigilance or flight in order to cope with the threat of predation.
I look at several antipredator behaviors: Alert Distance (AD), Flight Initiation Distance (FID) …