Emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the bidirectional
communication between the gut and the brain suggesting that the gut microbes may shape …

Some recent clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is a key
factor that interacts with the three neurobiological correlates of major depressive disorder …

The diversity and complex organization of cells in the brain have hindered systematic
characterization of age-related changes in its cellular and molecular architecture, limiting …

The human innate and adaptive immune systems consist of effector cells producing
cytokines (interleukins, interferons, chemokines, and numerous other mediators). Usually, a …

Microglia, being the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, play an important
role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and contributes towards brain development under …

In this study, we investigated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive impairment and
neuroinflammation in C57BL/6J mice by using behavioral tests, immunofluorescence …

Background Cognitive impairment, an increasing mental health issue, is a core feature of the
aging brain and neurodegenerative diseases. Industrialized nations especially, have …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in
dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, which subsequently causes motor symptoms …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the most studied neurotrophins in the
healthy and diseased brain. As a result, there is a large body of evidence that associates …

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder in which gastrointestinal
symptoms may appear prior to motor symptoms. The gut microbiota of patients with …