Individuals who encounter false information on social media may actively spread it further,
by sharing or otherwise engaging with it. Much of the spread of disinformation can thus be …

Not long ago, the rise of social media inspired great optimism about its potential for flattening
access to economic and political opportunity, enabling collective action, and facilitating new …

Discussions of data-driven campaigning have gained increased prominence in recent years.
Often associated with the practices of Cambridge Analytica and linked to debates about the …

Abstract Since 2016, when the Facebook/Cambridge Analytica scandal began to emerge,
public concern has grown around the threat of “online manipulation”. While these worries …

Privacy and surveillance scholars increasingly worry that data collectors can use the
information they gather about our behaviors, preferences, interests, incomes, and so on to …

Deepfakes are perceived as a powerful form of disinformation. Although many studies have
focused on detecting deepfakes, few have measured their effects on political attitudes, and …

Political advertisers have access to increasingly sophisticated microtargeting techniques.
One such technique is tailoring ads to the personality traits of citizens. Questions have been …

Algorithmic decision making is both increasingly common and increasingly controversial.
Critics worry that algorithmic tools are not transparent, accountable, or fair. Assessing the …

Through various online activities, individuals produce large amounts of data that are
collected by companies for the purpose of providing users with personalized …

In this paper, I distinguish three types of harm that can arise in the context of artificial
intelligence (AI): individual harm, collective harm and societal harm. Societal harm is often …