Epidemiological studies and clinical observations show evidence of sexual dimorphism in
infectious diseases. Women are at less risk than men when it comes to developing most …

The intensity and prevalence of viral infections are typically higher in males, whereas
disease outcome can be worse for females. Females mount higher innate and adaptive …

ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has now caused over 2 million …

Liver fibrosis, or cirrhosis, is a common end-stage condition of many chronic liver diseases
after incomplete recovery from hepatocyte damage. During fibrosis progression …

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly efficient in the establishment of persistent
infection, which leads to the development of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular …

Abstract Coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) is pro‐inflammatory disorder characterized
by acute respiratory distress syndrome. Interleukin‐6, a cytokine secreted by macrophages …

Background Genetic variation influences susceptibility or resistance to tuberculosis.
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) contributes to protection against tuberculosis in mice. However, its role in …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a pathogen that is widely distributed geographically
and continues to be a major threat to world health. Bacterial virulence factors, nutritional …

ABSTRACT Interleukin6 (IL-6) is a key driver of hyperinflammation in COVID-19, and its
level strongly correlates with disease progression. To investigate whether variability in …

In leprosy, type 1 reaction (T1R) and type 2 reaction (T2R) are major causes of nerve injury
and permanent disabilities. A previous study on plasma levels of 27 cytokines in patients …