In nature, animals display defensive behaviors that reflect the spatiotemporal distance of
threats. Laboratory-based paradigms that elicit specific defensive responses in rodents have …

Animals have sophisticated mechanisms for coping with danger. Freezing is a unique state
that, upon threat detection, allows evidence to be gathered, response possibilities to be …

INTRODUCTION Electrode arrays based on complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
silicon fabrication technology, such as Neuropixels probes, have enabled recordings of …

Locomotion is a universal motor behavior that is expressed as the output of many integrated
brain functions. Locomotion is organized at several levels of the nervous system, with …

Oestrogen depletion in rodents and humans leads to inactivity, fat accumulation and
diabetes,, underscoring the conserved metabolic benefits of oestrogen that inevitably …

Fear and anxiety play a central role in mammalian life, and there is considerable interest in
clarifying their nature, identifying their biological underpinnings, and determining their …

Naturalistic observations show that decisions to avoid or escape predators occur at different
spatiotemporal scales and that they are supported by different computations and neural …

Retinal circuits transform the pixel representation of photoreceptors into the feature
representations of ganglion cells, whose axons transmit these representations to the brain …

In the basal ganglia (BG), anatomically segregated and topographically organized
feedforward circuits are thought to modulate multiple behaviors in parallel. Although …

The hypothalamus regulates innate social behaviors, including mating and aggression.
These behaviors can be evoked by optogenetic stimulation of specific neuronal …