The HIV protein, Vpr, is a multifunctional accessory protein critical for efficient viral infection
of target CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Vpr is incorporated into virions and functions to …

RNA viruses are a genetically diverse group of pathogens that are responsible for some of
the most prevalent and lethal human diseases. Numerous viruses introduce DNA damage …

DNA damage is a universal inducer of cell cycle arrest at the G 2 phase. Infection by the
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) also blocks cellular proliferation at the G 2 …

Biomarkers rely on biochemical, histological, morphological, and physiological changes in
whole organisms. Their use is becoming an important tool to examine changes at cellular …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the central nervous system (CNS)
causes AIDS dementia complex (ADC) in certain infected individuals. Recent studies have …

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) leads to progressive
immunodeficiency and onset of opportunistic infections and neoplasms. The loss of immune …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 Vpu is an integral membrane protein with a
unique affinity for βTrCP (TrCP), a key member of the SkpI-Cullin-F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase …

Human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1), vpr gene encodes a 14-kDa virion-
associated protein, which exhibits significant effects on human cells. One important property …

The pituitary tumor transforming gene, PTTG, is abundantly expressed in several
neoplasms. We recently showed that PTTG overexpression is associated with apoptosis and …

The HIV-1 accessory protein viral protein R (Vpr) causes G2 arrest and apoptosis in infected
cells. We previously identified the DNA damage–signaling protein ATR as the cellular factor …