Ten years ago,'Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian
perspective'was published. At the time, our understanding of the reptilian immune system …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known for their essential roles in promotion of innate immunity
and induction of adaptive immunity through recognition of pathogen-associated molecular …

The transition from water to land of amphibians is evolutionarily significant in the history of
vertebrates, and immunological adaptation is an important challenge for amphibians to …

The high degree of conservation of toll-like receptors (TLRs), and yet their subtle variations
for better adaptation of species in the host–pathogen arms race make them worthy …

Abstract Background Together with Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue,
Haemophilus ducreyi is a major cause of exudative cutaneous ulcers (CUs) in children. For …

For organisms to genetically adapt, they need to have or acquire mutations that affect their
survival and reproductive success. The effects of mutations depend not only on the abiotic …

Multiple class I and class II Haemophilus ducreyi strains cause cutaneous ulcers in children
on an endemic island *Jacob C. Gran Page 1 Multiple class I and class II Haemophilus …