When mycophenolic acid (MPA) was originally marketed for immunosuppressive therapy,
fixed doses were recommended by the manufacturer. Awareness of the potential for a more …

Transporters in proximal renal tubules contribute to the disposition of numerous drugs.
Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of tubular secretion have been progressively …

Glucuronidation and sulfation are the most typical phase II metabolic reactions of drugs. The
resulting glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are generally considered inactive and safe …

Glucuronidation is a well-recognized phase II metabolic pathway for a variety of chemicals
including drugs and endogenous substances. Although it is usually the secondary metabolic …

The kidney proximal tubule is the primary site for solute reabsorption, secretion and where
kidney diseases can originate, including drug-induced toxicity. Two-dimensional cell culture …

The most frequently used immunosuppressive treatment in kidney transplant recipients is
the combination therapy of a calcineurin inhibitor and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), with or …

Multidrug-resistant protein 4 (MRP4), a member of the C subfamily of ATP-binding cassette
transporters, is distributed in a variety of tissues and a number of cancers. As a drug …

Introduction: ABCG2 has a broad substrate specificity and is one of the most important efflux
proteins modulating pharmacokinetics of drugs, nutrients and toxicokinetics of toxicants …

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, a heritable ectopic mineralization disorder, is caused by
mutations in the ABCC6 gene primarily expressed in the liver and the kidneys. The …

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced acute kidney injury (IRI) is an inevitable event in kidney
transplantation. It is a complex pathophysiological process associated with numerous …