Substance use disorders (SUD) are serious public health problems worldwide. Although
significant progress has been made in understanding the neurobiology of drug reward and …

The number of individuals affected by psychostimulant use disorder (PSUD) has increased
rapidly over the last few decades resulting in economic, emotional, and physical burdens on …

People with depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders can experience motivational
dysfunctions such as fatigue and anergia, which involve reduced exertion of effort in goal …

Understanding the neurochemistry underlying sex differences in psychostimulant use
disorders (PSUD) is essential for developing related therapeutics. Many psychostimulants …

Dopamine (DA), the most abundant human brain catecholaminergic neurotransmitter,
modulates key behavioral and neurological processes in young and senescent brains …

Modafinil is a central nervous system stimulant approved for the treatment of narcolepsy and
sleep disorders. Due to its wide range of biochemical actions, modafinil has been explored …

Cocaine exerts its stimulant effect by inhibiting dopamine reuptake leading to increased
dopamine signaling. This action is thought to reflect binding of cocaine to the dopamine …

Modafinil is a nonamphetamine nootropic drug with an increasingly therapeutic interest due
to its different sites of action and behavioral effects in comparison to cocaine or …

Typical and atypical dopamine uptake inhibitors (DUIs) prefer distinct conformations of the
dopamine transporter (DAT) to form ligand-transporter complexes, resulting in markedly …

Atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitors, such as modafinil, are used for the treatment of
sleeping disorders and investigated as potential therapeutics against cocaine addiction and …