Osteoporosis is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease that affects half the women in the
sixth and seventh decade of life. Osteoporosis is characterized by uncoupled bone …

Aging is a high risk factor for the development of osteoporosis, a multifactorial age-related
progressive disease characterized by reduced bone mass and increased risk of fractures. At …

Osteoblasts, the bone-forming cells of the remodeling unit, are essential for growth and
maintenance of the skeleton. Clinical disorders of substrate availability (eg, diabetes …

The adult human skeleton is a multifunctional organ undergoing continuous remodeling.
Homeostasis of bone mass in a healthy adult requires an exquisite balance between bone …

The Wnt signalling pathway is one of the central signalling pathways in bone development,
homeostasis and regulation of bone mineral density. It consists of numerous Wnt ligands …

The adult human skeleton is a multifunctional organ undergoing constant remodeling
through the opposing activities of the bone-resorbing osteoclast and the bone-forming …

The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein
kinase that integrates inputs from nutrients and growth factors to control many fundamental …

Teriparatide, a recombinant peptide corresponding to amino acids 1‐34 of human
parathyroid hormone (PTH), has been an effective bone anabolic drug for over a decade …

Alternatively activated macrophages (M2) have an important function in innate immune
responses to parasitic helminths, and emerging evidence also indicates these cells are …

Abstract Background Mitofusin-2 (MFN2) is a kind of GTPase that participates in the
regulation of mitochondrial fusion, which is related to a variety of physiological and …