Background In recent years, much evidence has emerged to indicate that exercise can
benefit people when performed properly. This review summarizes the exercise interventions …

Neuroplasticity accounts for the ability of the brain to change in both structure and function in
consequence of life experiences. An enhanced stimulation provided by the environment is …

Background Over 120 million mice and rats are used annually in research, conventionally
housed in shoebox-sized cages that restrict natural behaviours (eg nesting and burrowing) …

Social plasticity is the ability to adaptively change the expression of social behaviour
according to experience, allowing animals to optimize their social relationships in the …

In Europe, an estimated 4 million new cancer cases were diagnosed in 2020 (ECIS-
European Cancer Information System, 2023). Patients' chances of survival improved …

The brain is able to change its structure and function in response to environmental
stimulations. Several human and animal studies have documented that enhanced …

Providing structural enrichment is a widespread refinement method for laboratory rodents
and other animals in captivity. So far, animal welfare research has mostly focused on the …

Evolutionary thinking can inform the choice and assessment of model species in
neuroscience, particularly when such models are intended to generate knowledge that will …

Background: Resilience is the ability to achieve a positive outcome when we are in the face
of adversity. It supposes an active resistance to adversity by coping mechanisms in which …

Microglial immunosurveillance of the brain parenchyma to detect local perturbations in
homeostasis, in all species, results in the adoption of a spectrum of morphological changes …