Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable neurodevelopmental period marked by high rates
of engagement with risky alcohol use. This review summarizes the cognitive and neural …

Over the past decade, many studies have indicated that adolescence is a critical period of
brain development and maturation. The refinement and maturation of the central nervous …

Brain aging is a natural process characterized by cognitive decline and memory loss. This
impairment is related to mitochondrial dysfunction and has recently been linked to the …

Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to alterations in brain structure and function, even
causing irreversible learning and memory disorders. The hippocampus is one of the most …

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and it is widely accepted to
play a role in synaptic plasticity and excitotoxic cell death. Glutamate binds to several …

Tau is a key protein for microtubule stability; however, post-translationally modified tau
contributes to neurodegenerative diseases by forming tau aggregates in the neurons …

Prenatal exposure to air pollutants has long-term impact on growth retardation of nervous
system development and is related to central nervous system diseases in children. However …

Problematic alcohol drinking and alcohol dependence are an increasing health problem
worldwide. Alcohol abuse is responsible for approximately 5% of the total deaths in the …

Many studies have reported that alcohol produces harmful effects on several brain
structures, including the hippocampus, in both rodents and humans. The hippocampus is …

Cognitive reserve (CR) is the capability of an individual to cope with a brain pathology
through compensatory mechanisms developed through cognitive stimulation by mental and …