Atomic frequency standards are used to generate accurate and precise time and frequency,
enabling many communications, synchronization, and navigation systems in modern life …

Atomic clocks are highly precise timing devices used in numerous Positioning, Navigation,
and Timing (PNT) applications on the ground and in outer space. In recent years, however …

The presented paper discusses the summary of the special issue consisting of 13 peer-
reviewed papers regarding Redefinition of SI Units and Its Implications. The papers discuss …

Modern atomic clocks based on the interrogation of an atomic transitions in the optical
regions require multiple lasers at different wavelength for producing atomic ions, trapping …

The effect of changes in the damping rate of cavity side modes on the noise fluxes of a three-
mode class-A laser is analytically investigated using the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. The …

Abstract Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy (SAS) is a technique commonly used for
recording Doppler broadening free absorption spectra of atomic vapours and also to …

Metrology, the science of measurement, has evolved significantly throughout human history.
Early forms of the measurements were based on human body parts, such as the foot and the …

Executive summary Chip-scale atomic clocks (CSACs) were first made commercially
available in 2011, as the result of more than 20 years of continuous support by the USA …

The relativistic redshift between two earth-bound clocks can be interpreted in terms of gravity
potential variation between the clock locations. A clock with a fractional frequency …

The clock—one of the earliest inventions in modern science—has evolved from sundials to
atom-based systems over the last several centuries. Over its long evolution, timekeeping …