Glutamate is one of the most prevalent neurotransmitters released by excitatory neurons in
the central nervous system (CNS); however, residual glutamate in the extracellular space is …

The energy demands of the brain are high: they account for at least 20% of the body's
energy consumption. Evolutionary studies indicate that the emergence of higher cognitive …

The energy requirements of the brain are very high, and tight regulatory mechanisms
operate to ensure adequate spatial and temporal delivery of energy substrates in register …

Since its introduction 16 years ago, the astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) model has
profoundly modified our understanding of neuroenergetics by bringing a cellular and …

Background Excitatory synapses in the CNS are highly dynamic structures that can show
activity-dependent remodeling and stabilization in response to learning and memory …

For decades, astrocytes have been considered to be non-excitable support cells of the brain.
However, this view has changed radically during the past twenty years. The recent …

Dynamic aspects of interactions between astrocytes, neurons and the vasculature have
recently been in the neuroscience spotlight. It has emerged that not only neurons but also …

Neural activity is intimately tied to blood flow in the brain. This coupling is specific enough in
space and time that modern imaging methods use local hemodynamics as a measure of …

Astrocytes play a critical role in the regulation of brain metabolic responses to activity. One
detailed mechanism proposed to describe the role of astrocytes in some of these responses …

High-resolution molecular and imaging techniques are shedding light on the mechanisms
and functional significance of the transient rise in tissue lactate that accompanies synaptic …