Tuberculosis remains the world's leading cause of death from an infectious disease,
responsible for an estimated 1 674 000 deaths annually. WHO estimated 600 000 cases of …

Pulmonary granulomas are widely considered the epicenters of the immune response to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Recent animal …

Abstract Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only licenced tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, but
has limited efficacy against pulmonary TB disease development and modest protection …

Summary CD4+ Foxp3-expressing Treg cells, which constitutively express the inhibitory
coreceptor CTLA-4, are indispensable for immune homeostasis. We determined the roles of …

Granulomas, organized aggregates of immune cells, are a defining feature of tuberculosis
(TB). Granuloma formation is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory …

Recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by the innate immune system is essential in the
development of an adaptive immune response. Mycobacterial cell wall components activate …

Pathogenic organisms exert a negative impact on host health, revealed by the clinical signs
of infectious diseases. Immunity limits the severity of infectious diseases through resistance …

CD4+ CD25+ Tregs play a central role in the maintenance of peripheral self tolerance by
keeping autoreactive T cells in check. Whereas the thymic origin of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs, as a …

Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of active tuberculosis (TB) in patients
with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases treated with biologics and tofacitinib in …

CTLA-4, an Ig superfamily molecule with homology to CD28, is one of the most potent
negative regulators of T-cell responses. In vivo blockade of CTLA-4 exacerbates …