The targeted and efficiency-oriented delivery of (therapeutic) nucleic acids raises hope for
successful gene therapy, ie, for the local and individual treatment of acquired and inherited …

Since the discovery of lysosomes more than 70 years ago, much has been learned about
the functions of these organelles. Lysosomes were regarded as exclusively degradative …

Lysosomes, the terminal organelles on the endocytic pathway, digest macromolecules and
make their components available to the cell as nutrients. Hydrolytic enzymes specific to a …

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradative process which recycles cellular waste and eliminates
potentially toxic damaged organelles and protein aggregates. The important cytoprotective …

Nanoparticles of heavy elements can be used as radiosensitizers to enhance X-ray radiation
therapy, but a major roadblock in translating nanoparticle radiosensitizers into clinical …

Perturbations in cellular chloride concentrations can affect cellular pH and autophagy and
lead to the onset of apoptosis. With this in mind, synthetic ion transporters have been used to …

Habitually professional phagocytes, including macrophages, eradicate microbial invaders
from the human body without overt signs of infection. Despite this, there exist select bacteria …

Impaired homeostasis of lysosomal Ca2+ causes lysosome dysfunction and lysosomal
storage diseases (LSDs), but the mechanisms by which lysosomes acquire and refill Ca2+ …

Macrophages hold great potential in cancer drug delivery because they can sense
chemotactic cues and home to tumors with high efficiency. However, it remains a challenge …

The concentration of chloride ions in the cytoplasm and subcellular organelles of living cells
spans a wide range (5–130 mM), and is tightly regulated by intracellular chloride channels …