Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a type of kidney cancer that arises from the cells
lining the tubes of the kidney. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of ccRCC is a …

Abstract Treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has improved dramatically over the last
decade, shifting from high-dose cytokine therapy in combination with surgical resection of …

Exhaustion of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is one of the limitations for CAR T
efficacy in solid tumors and for tumor recurrence after initial CAR T treatment. Tumor …

Introduction Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have emerged as a ground-breaking
therapy for the treatment of hematological malignancies due to their capacity for rapid tumor …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of solid malignancies,
including non-small-cell lung cancer. However, immunotherapy resistance constitutes a …

Introduction Systemic treatment options for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have expanded
considerably in recent years, and both tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint …

The heterogeneity of the solid tumor microenvironment (TME) impairs the therapeutic
efficacy of standard therapies and also reduces the infiltration of antitumor immune cells, all …

Immunotherapy has demonstrated great success in clinical treatment, especially for cancer
care. Here we review preclinical models, including cell lines, three dimensional (3D) …

Enhanced cellular therapy has emerged as a novel concept following the basis of cellular
therapy. This treatment modality applied drugs or biotechnology to directly enhance or …

Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapy has demonstrated impressive efficacy in
the treatment of blood cancers; however, its effectiveness against solid tumors has been …