Reviews anatomical and physiological work relevant to pain sensation, and the neural
mechanism of the analgesia produced by electrical and pharmacological manipulation of …

What are'emotions'? Drawing together the threads of current research on the nature and
funactions of emotional expression, of physiological reactions, and of emotional experience …

There are many advantages to defining emotions as states elicited by reinforcers, with the
states having a set of different functions. This approach leads towards an understanding of …

A model of fear and pain is presented in which the two are assumed to activate totally
different classes of behavior. Fear, produced by stimuli that are associated with painful …

Relief of intractable pain was produced in six human patients by stimulation of electrodes
permanently implanted in the periventricular and periaqueductal gray matter. The level of …

In the 1st of 6 experiments with 325 Long-Evans rats it was found that the freezing behavior
of the rat that occurs following painful electric shock increased when Ss were pretreated with …

The following year, after overcoming more technical difficulties, we established the primary
structure of ovine TRF by mass spectrometry as that of the deceivingly simple tripeptide …

Mice exposed to repeated attacks by other mice showed decreased nociception in response
to radiant heat focused on their tails. This form of analgesia was blocked by centrally acting …

Inescapable foot shock in rats caused profound analgesia that was antagonized by
naloxone or dexamethasone when shock was delivered intermittently for 30 minutes, but not …

Narcotics reduce the behavioral response to injury, while leaving unaffected the response to
other stimuli. This effect could be due to a reduction of the central transmission of injury …