Measurements of ion energies in the boundary of tokamak plasmas in L-mode discharges
and during ELMs are reviewed. A profile of the ion-to-electron temperature ratio Ti/Te from …

Retarding field energy analyzers (RFEAs) are used routinely for the measurement of ion
energy distribution functions. By contrast, their ability to measure ion flux densities has been …

Abstract Knowledge of the edge ion temperature (T i) is important to understand the edge
physics in fusion plasmas. The T i edge profile has been successfully measured at W7-X in …

Plasma is a special form of the gas phase in which (a part of) the atoms or molecules are
charged as a result of ionization. Plasma has unique properties, such as a high electric …

A bi-directional multi-channel retarding field analyzer (RFA) probe has been successfully
developed for the first time on the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator boundary plasma …

A retarding potential energy analyzer was used to obtain temporally resolved ion energy
distribution functions (IEDFs) of a flowing laboratory plasma. The plasma of time varying ion …

A set of dedicated discharges with constant heating power combining Neutral Beam
Injection and Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating have been executed at the ASDEX …

A novel bi-directional Retarding Field Analyzer (RFA) probe has been installed on a fast
reciprocating drive system on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak …

The energy spread (ΔE) of an ion source is an important parameter in the production of a
finely focused primary ion beam applied in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). A …

The paper presents numerically calculated models of new electrostatic energy analyzers
based on a conical face-field, which is restricted by concentric cylindrical (inner) and …