Toxicogenomics measures molecular features, such as transcripts, proteins, metabolites and
epigenomic modifications, to understand and predict the toxicological effects of …

The development of alternative methods to animal testing has gained great momentum
since Russel and Burch introduced the “3Rs” concept of Reduction, Refinement, and …

Abstract The EU's REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of
Chemicals) Regulation requires animal testing only as a last resort. However, our study …

In analogy to the periodic system that groups elements by their similarity in structure and
chemical properties, the hazard of chemicals can be assessed in groups having similar …

Microphysiological systems are an emerging area of in vitro drug development, and their
independent evaluation is important for wide adoption and use. The primary goal of this …

Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are chemicals with important applications; they
are persistent in the environment and may pose human health hazards. Regulatory …

Environmental chemicals may contribute to the global burden of cardiovascular disease, but
experimental data are lacking to determine which substances pose the greatest risk. Human …

Human cell-based test methods can be used to evaluate potential hazards of mixtures and
products of petroleum refining (“unknown or variable composition, complex reaction …

Humans are continuously exposed to a variety of toxicants and chemicals which is
exacerbated during and after environmental catastrophes such as floods, earthquakes, and …

Products of petroleum refining are substances that are both complex and variable. These
substances are produced and distributed in high volumes; therefore, they are heavily …