In the environmental risk assessment of substances, toxicity to aquatic plants is evaluated
using, among other methods, the 7 day Lemna sp. growth inhibition test following the OECD …

Abstract Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a harmful mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species, which
results in oxidative stress leading to cell death in plants. FB1 perturbs the metabolism of …

Introduction Biostimulants exert positive functions in plants, improving yield and quality, and
alleviating the negative effects of abiotic stresses. Among them, the application of herbicides …

The mycotoxin fusaric acid (FA) induces rapid oxidative burst leading to cell death in plants.
At the same time, plant defence reactions are mediated by several phytohormones for …

Weeds represent a major constraint for successful pea cultivation, resulting in loss of green
pea yield and quality. Two field experiments were carried out during the winter seasons of …

Abbreviations: ACC–1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; Car–carotenoids; CEF–cyclic
electron flow; Chl–chlorophyll; EL–electrolyte leakage; ET–ethylene; ETR1–ethylene …

Salicylic acid is an important phytohormone, with regulation role in responses of plants to
biotic and abiotic stress, especially detoxification of herbicides. For this purpose, the effect of …

Bentazone is a broadleaf post-emergence herbicide widely used for crop production that
inhibits photosynthetic activity, resulting in phytotoxicity and injury in plants. Evaluating and …

Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are enzymes that catalyse modifications and conjugations
of a range of organic and often cytotoxic compounds. GST enzymes with many functions …

Introduction Bentazon (BNTZ) is a selective contact herbicide widely used to control field
weeds for crop production. Excessive use of BNTZ leads to its accumulation in soils and …