The discovery of vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF) has revolutionized our
understanding of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis during development and physiological …

Systemic inflammation elicited by sepsis can induce an acute cerebral dysfunction known as
sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Recent evidence suggests that SAE is common …

The retina is a complex tissue with multiple cell layers that are highly ordered. Its
sophisticated structure makes it especially sensitive to external or internal perturbations that …

Reticular pseudodrusen (RPD), or subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD), refer to distinct
lesions that occur in the subretinal space. Over the past three decades, their presence in …

Microglia, the primary resident immune cell type, constitute a key population of glia in the
retina. Recent evidence indicates that microglia play significant functional roles in the retina …

A biomarker can be a substance or structure measured in body parts, fluids or products that
can affect or predict disease incidence. As age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the …

Resident microglial cells can be regarded as the immunological watchdogs of the brain and
the retina. They are active sensors of their neuronal microenvironment and rapidly respond …

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in aging-related eye diseases, including age-related
macular degeneration (AMD), cataracts, and glaucoma. With age, antioxidant reparative …

Sixteen years ago, the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology
approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7TM) G protein-coupled …

AMD is a major cause of legal blindness in older adults approachable through
multidisciplinary research involving human tissues and patients. AMD is a vascular …