Tumor microenvironment is a complex system that contains multiple cells and cytokines.
Among the multiple immune cells, macrophage is particularly abundant and plays an …

Eicosanoids, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, are biologically active lipids that
have been implicated in various pathological processes, such as inflammation and cancer …

It is widely accepted that alterations to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and the
abundance of its enzymatic product prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2) have key roles in influencing …

Chronic inflammation plays a multifaceted role in carcinogenesis. Mounting evidence from
preclinical and clinical studies suggests that persistent inflammation functions as a driving …

Because of profound effects observed in carcinogenesis, prostaglandins (PGs),
prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthases, and PG receptors are implicated in cancer …

The role of inflammation in carcinogenesis has been extensively investigated and well
documented. Many biochemical processes that are altered during chronic inflammation …

Natural killer (NK) cells play important roles in immune surveillance. However, the tumor
microenvironment suppresses NK cell function and allows cancer cells to evade immune …

The p53 transcription factor is a major tumor suppressor, whose diverse activities serve to
ensure genome stability and inhibit neoplastic processes. In recent years, it is becoming …

Diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer caused by
cigarette smoke affect millions of people worldwide. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is …

Release of the free fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) by cytoplasmic phospholipase A 2 (cPLA
2) and its subsequent metabolism by the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes …