Biological toxins are entrenched within ecosystems. Thus, animals are often exposed to
such toxins, and how they adapt can be a key determinant of their evolutionary trajectories …

Membrane protein-mediated resistance is a multidisciplinary challenge that spans fields
such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental science. Understanding its complexity and …

Snakebite envenoming is an important public health issue responsible for mortality and
severe morbidity. Where mortality is mainly caused by venom toxins that induce …

Snake venoms are complex mixtures of toxins that differ on interspecific (between species)
and intraspecific (within species) levels. Whether venom variation within a group of closely …

European vipers (genus Vipera) are medically important snakes displaying considerable
venom variation, occurring at different levels in this group. The presence of intraspecific …

Venoms are complex chemical arsenals that have evolved independently many times in the
animal kingdom. Venoms have attracted the interest of researchers because they are an …

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a neurotoxic molecule used by many animals for defense and/or
predation, as well as an important biomedical tool. Its ubiquity as a defensive agent has led …

Heavy‐chain antibodies (HCAbs) are a unique type of antibodies devoid of light chains, and
comprised of two heavy chains‐only that recognize their cognate antigen by virtue of a …

Proteins belonging to the CAP superfamily are present in all kingdoms of life and have been
implicated in various processes, including sperm maturation and cancer progression. They …

Background Understanding how coding genes and their functions evolve over time is a key
aspect of evolutionary biology. Protein coding genes poorly understood or characterized at …