In addition to intracellular organelles, eukaryotic cells contain extracellular organelles which
are released, or shed, into the microenvironment. In practice, most human studies have …

The discovery of micro RNA s (miRNAs) in the early 1990's has revolutionized our thinking
of post‐transcriptional gene control. miRNAs are involved in the regulation of almost every …

Background Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is emerging as an important component of
neurodegeneration. TLR7 senses viral RNA and certain endogenous miRNAs to initiate …

Exosomes, a category of small lipid bilayer extracellular vesicles that are naturally secreted
by many cells (both healthy and diseased), carry cargo made up of proteins, lipids, DNAs …

The ability of a healthy immune system to clear the plethora of antigens it encounters
incessantly relies on the enormous plasticity displayed by the comprising cell types …

Microvesicles (MVs) are extracellular vesicles released by virtually all cells, under both
physiological and pathological conditions. They contain lipids, proteins, RNAs and …

Exosomes are a class of small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles released by almost
all cell types and present in all body fluids. Based on the studies of exosome content and …

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) has long been epidemiologically associated with excess iodine
levels. However, the underlying immunological mechanisms still remain largely unexplored …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have long been known for their ability to initiate innate immune
responses upon exposure to conserved microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide …

Tumor antigens and innate signals are vital considerations in developing new therapeutic or
prophylactic antitumor vaccines. The role or requirement of intact tumor cells in the …