Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall, characterized by the
formation of plaques containing lipid, connective tissue and immune cells in the intima of …

Observations on human and experimental atherosclerosis, biomarker studies, and now a
large-scale clinical trial support the operation of immune and inflammatory pathways in this …

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, both in the general
population and among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In most cases, the …

Recent advances have greatly improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms
behind atherosclerosis pathogenesis. However, there is still a need to systematize this data …

Oxygen-derived free radicals, collectively termed reactive oxygen species (ROS), play
important roles in immunity, cell growth, and cell signaling. In excess, however, ROS are …

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease within the arterial wall that is responsible for
several important adverse vascular events, including coronary artery disease, myocardial …

Abstract Concepts of atherogenesis have evolved considerably with time. Early animal
experiments showed that a cholesterol-rich diet could induce fatty lesion formation in …

According to the traditional view, atherosclerosis results from a passive buildup of
cholesterol in the artery wall. Yet, burgeoning evidence implicates inflammation and immune …

The view of atherosclerosis as an inflammatory disease has emerged from observations of
immune activation and inflammatory signalling in human atherosclerotic lesions, from the …

Immune responses participate in every phase of atherosclerosis. There is increasing
evidence that both adaptive and innate immunity tightly regulate atherogenesis. Although …