VACTERL/VATER association is typically defined by the presence of at least three of the
following congenital malformations: vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheo …

Oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula are relatively common
malformations occurring in approximately 1 in 3500 births. In around half of the cases …

Background Previous studies have suggested that etiologic heterogeneity may complicate
epidemiologic analyses designed to identify risk factors for birth defects. Case classification …

The Hedgehog family of secreted morphogenetic proteins acts through a complex
evolutionary conserved signaling pathway to regulate patterning events during development …

The spectrum of the VATER association has been debated ever since its description more
than two decades ago. To assess the spectrum of congenital anomalies associated with …

Of 253 infants with oesophageal atresia treated over an eight year period, 122 (48%) had a
total of 213 other anomalies. Most commonly affected were the cardiovascular (61 cases …

A clinical and genetic study of the Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS) has been carried out in the
United Kingdom involving 55 cases designated Holt-Oram syndrome, together with their …

Anorectal malformations are a common clinical problem affecting the development of the
distal hindgut in infants. The spectrum of anorectal malformations ranges from the mildly …

This study departed from a preconceived definition of VACTERL, including more than one of
these six anomalies in the same infant:; V (vertebral anomalies), A (anal atresia), C …

VATER association was first described in the early 1970s as the nonrandom co-occurrence
of congenital malformations including vertebral defects, anal atresia, tracheo-esophageal …