The occurrence of idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions during late clinical trials or after a
drug has been released can lead to a severe restriction in its use and even in its withdrawal …

A frequent mechanism for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the formation of reactive
metabolites that trigger hepatitis through direct toxicity or immune reactions. Both events …

Commercial biocatalysis requires robust enzymes that can withstand elevated temperatures
and long incubations. Ancestral reconstruction has shown that pre-Cambrian enzymes were …

Considerable support exists for the roles of metabolism in modulating the carcinogenic
properties of chemicals. In particular, many of these compounds are pro-carcinogens that …

This is an overview of the metabolic activation of drugs, natural products, physiological
compounds, and general chemicals by the catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes …

A number of therapeutic drugs with different structures and mechanisms of action have been
reported to undergo metabolic activation by Phase I or Phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes …

Investigations into the role of bioactivation in the pathogenesis of xenobiotic-induced toxicity
have been a major area of research since the link between reactive metabolites and …

Drugs are generally converted to biologically inactive forms and eliminated from the body,
principally by hepatic metabolism. However, certain drugs undergo biotransformation to …

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Cytochrome P450s (P450s) play an
important role in the metabolism of endogenous as well as exogenous substances …

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 is not only the most abundant isoform in human liver but also
metabolizes approximately 60% of the therapeutic drugs. This feature renders CYP3A4 …